Introduction Inverted papilloma is a benign tumor that arises from the lining of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Although it is not cancer, it is considered locally aggressive and has the potential to recur if not completely removed. In some cases, inverted papilloma may be associated with malignant transformation. Symptoms Symptoms often resemble chronic sinus disease and may include: Nasal obstruction Nasal discharge Recurrent sinus infections Reduced sense of smell

Introduction The pituitary gland is a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. It regulates many hormones that control important body functions. Tumors of the pituitary gland are relatively common and are usually benign. However, they can cause symptoms by producing excess hormones or compressing nearby structures such as the optic nerves. Symptoms Symptoms depend on the type of tumor but may include: Headaches Vision problems, especially loss of peripheral vis

Introduction A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak occurs when the fluid surrounding the brain escapes through a defect in the skull base and drains into the nasal cavity. CSF normally cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord. When a leak develops, it may increase the risk of serious infections such as meningitis. CSF leaks are relatively uncommon but require medical evaluation and treatment. Causes Several conditions can lead to a CSF leak: Head Trauma Injuries involving t

What is endoscopic sinus surgery? Endoscopic sinus surgery uses a small camera (endoscope) inserted through the nostrils to treat sinus disease. This approach allows surgeons to operate without external facial incisions . Conditions treated with endoscopic surgery Chronic sinusitis Nasal polyps Sinus tumors Fungal sinusitis Cerebrospinal fluid leaks Advantages Compared with traditional surgery: No external scars Faster recovery More precise surgery Preservation of normal tis

Cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are rare but important to recognize early. Early symptoms may resemble sinus infections. Warning Signs Persistent nasal obstruction on one side Recurrent nosebleeds Facial swelling or numbness Eye symptoms such as double vision Persistent sinus infection not responding to treatment Patients experiencing these symptoms should seek evaluation by an ENT specialist. Sources National Cancer Institute American Cancer Society

The skull base forms the boundary between the brain and the nasal cavity. Advances in endoscopic techniques allow surgeons to access this region through the nasal passages , avoiding large external incisions. Conditions treated include: Pituitary tumors Meningiomas Chordomas Cerebrospinal fluid leaks These procedures are usually performed by a team consisting of an ENT skull base surgeon and a neurosurgeon. Sources Cummings Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery Kassam AB et a

Endoscopic sinus surgery is a minimally invasive procedure used to treat chronic sinus disease. Using an endoscope inserted through the nostrils, surgeons remove obstructed tissue and enlarge sinus openings to restore normal drainage. Conditions treated include: Chronic sinusitis Nasal polyps Fungal sinus infections Some sinus tumors Advantages include: No external incisions Faster recovery Improved sinus drainage Sources American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surge

Chronic sinusitis, also known as chronic rhinosinusitis , is inflammation of the sinus lining lasting longer than 12 weeks. Symptoms Common symptoms include: Nasal blockage Facial pressure or pain Nasal discharge Reduced sense of smell Treatment Treatment may include: Nasal steroid sprays Saline irrigation Antibiotics in certain cases Some patients benefit from endoscopic sinus surgery when symptoms persist despite medical therapy. Sources European Position Paper on Rhinosin

Introduction Nasal polyps are non-cancerous inflammatory growths that arise from the lining of the nasal passages and sinuses. They are strongly associated with chronic sinus inflammation. According to epidemiologic studies summarized in EPOS 2020 , nasal polyps affect approximately 2–4% of adults . Symptoms Persistent nasal obstruction Reduced or loss of smell Nasal discharge Facial pressure Recurrent sinus infections Diagnosis Diagnosis is typically made through: Nasal endo

Introduction While many people experience occasional sinus infections, some patients develop repeated infections throughout the year. Patients with four or more sinus infections per year may have underlying sinus disease requiring evaluation. Possible Causes Chronic sinus inflammation Nasal polyps Deviated septum Allergies Structural obstruction of sinus openings Evaluation Assessment may include: Nasal endoscopy CT scan of the sinuses Allergy testing Treatment depends on th

Introduction The sense of smell contributes significantly to taste perception and safety, including detecting smoke, gas, or spoiled food. Loss of smell (anosmia) or reduced smell (hyposmia) can occur for several reasons. Common Causes Viral Infections Respiratory viruses can inflame the nasal lining and temporarily impair smell. Nasal Polyps Polyps can block airflow to the olfactory region of the nose. Chronic Sinusitis Persistent inflammation of the sinuses may interfere wi

Introduction Nasal blockage is one of the most common reasons patients consult an ENT specialist. While congestion during a cold is temporary, persistent nasal obstruction may indicate an underlying nasal or sinus condition. Chronic nasal obstruction can affect breathing, sleep, exercise tolerance, and quality of life. Identifying the underlying cause is essential in determining the appropriate treatment. Common Causes of Nasal Blockage Deviated Nasal Septum The nasal septum